The European Parliament TRAN Committee has requested the drafting of a Cost of non-Europe report on the Single Market in Transport. Cost of non-Europe Reports are intended to evaluate the possibilities for gains and/or the realisation of a 'public good' through common action at EU level in specific policy areas and sectors. In particular, the research paper requested will analyse costs for citizens, business and other relevant stakeholders of the gaps in the Single European Sky and water transport legislation. In other words, it will provide a qualitative appreciation of the existing legislation, identify gaps where further legislative action at European level could be beneficial and quantify the costs of failure to legislate.